Biology is the study of living organisms.
Poke the cells in the petri dish. Tap one and it divides. Drag one to move it. 點一下細胞，它會分裂；拖動可以移動它。
Every new cell you make comes from a cell that already exists: all cells come from pre-existing cells. That's part of the Cell Theory! 所有細胞都來自原有的細胞。
Your lab map
Biology = the study of living organisms
Biology is divided into many branches (分支). Tap each card to flip it. 點卡片翻轉。
Taxonomy zoom 分類學：一層一層分類
The taxonomy picture in your notes. Tap each ring from the outside in.
Tap Mammalia (哺乳綱), the biggest ring.
Human Body Systems 人體系統
The physiology picture in your notes: there are 11 main systems that keep our bodies functioning. Tap one to see its Chinese name.
Tap a system.
Who studies this? 邊個分支研究呢樣嘢？
Remember MRS GREN
Living things can be told apart from non-living things by 7 characteristics. Their first letters spell MRS GREN. Tap every letter. 七個特徵的英文首字母 = MRS GREN，逐個點開。
Letters opened: 0 / 7
Build the respiration equation 呼吸作用文字方程式
Respiration breaks down food to release energy. Tap the words in the right order.
Name that characteristic 估吓係邊個特徵
The Bat Lab: 6 steps of a scientific investigation
How do bats fly in the dark without hitting anything? Follow the scientist step by step. 跟住科學家，一步步解開蝙蝠之謎。
Try the experiment yourself 親手做實驗
Pick a group, then release the bat into the dark room with wires and bells. Run each group and compare. 揀一組，放蝙蝠入黑房，比較結果。
| Group 組別 | Sense of hearing | Flights | Wires hit 撞線次數 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ears normal 耳朵正常 | ✅ with the sense of hearing | 0 | 0 |
| Ears blocked with wax 用蠟塞耳 | ❌ without the sense of hearing | 0 | 0 |
Prediction: if bats lose the sense of hearing when their ears are blocked with wax, then the bats will hit objects when they fly. Let's test it! 測試預測。
Sort the variables 變量分類
Tap a card, then tap the box it belongs to.
Put the steps in order 排列步驟
Tap the steps from ① to ⑥.
Case file: Edward Jenner and smallpox 真實案例：琴納與天花
In the 18th century, Edward Jenner did an investigation on smallpox (天花) that led to the development of vaccine (疫苗). Read the 4 panels, then answer.
Microscope → Cells → Cell Theory
The invention of the microscope (顯微鏡) led to the discovery of cells and to the Cell Theory, one of the foundations of biology.
1.4.1 The Cell Theory 細胞學說
Say each line out loud, then tap the blank to check. 先讀出嚟，再點空格對答案。
- All organisms are made up of . 所有生物都由一個或多個細胞組成。
- The cell is the of life. It is the smallest unit that shows all the characteristics of life. 細胞是生命的基本單位，是能展示所有生命特徵的最小單位。
- All cells come from . 所有細胞都來自原有的細胞。
1.4.2 Cell explorer 細胞結構（細胞器 organelles）
Tap any part to learn its job. Sub-cellular structures are also called cellular structures or organelles (細胞器).
Make the plant cell turgid 令植物細胞膨脹
Drag the slider to fill the vacuole with water. Watch the cell and the plant.
Plant only, or both? 只有植物細胞有，定兩種都有？
Tap a part, then tap a box.
Under the light microscope 顯微照片
Real photomicrographs look like this. Tap a label to highlight it.
Think about … one difference 動物細胞同植物細胞嘅分別
1.4.3 Levels of organisation 組織層次
Organisms made up of a single cell are unicellular organisms (單細胞生物). Organisms made up of many cells are multicellular organisms (多細胞生物). They consist of many different types of cells that work together in a coordinated way to serve different functions. Cells usually work together at different levels of organisation. Tap ▶ to play.
cells → tissue → organ → system → organism
Order the levels 由細到大排
Unicellular or multicellular? 單細胞定多細胞？
Every key point on one page
Hide the key words, say them out loud, then tap to check. 遮住關鍵字，讀出嚟，再點一下對答案。
1.1 What is Biology? 甚麼是生物學
- Biology is the study of living organisms. 生物學是研究生物的科學。
- Cytology 細胞學: study of cells.
- Physiology 生理學: study of the functioning and development of living organisms.
- Genetics 遺傳學: study of heredity (遺傳).
- Ecology 生態學: study of living organisms in relation to one another and their environment.
- Taxonomy 分類學: study of the variety, naming and classification of living organisms.
1.2 Characteristics of living organisms 生物的特徵 (MRS GREN)
- Movement 運動: to search for food; to escape from danger and natural disasters; to search for mates. Plants move to get into a position to maximise the absorption of light for photosynthesis.
- Respiration 呼吸作用: to break down food to release energy. Food (glucose) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
- Sensitivity / Irritability 感應性: to detect changes in the environment and respond to them. They detect a stimulus (plural: stimuli 刺激).
- Growth 生長: an increase in size and complexity.
- Reproduction 繁殖: to produce offspring (後代), so the species does not become extinct.
- Excretion 排泄: to remove metabolic waste (代謝廢物), e.g. carbon dioxide and urea (尿素).
- Nutrition 營養: to obtain food from the environment. Some organisms make their own food, e.g. by photosynthesis (光合作用).
1.3 Scientific investigations 科學探究
- ① Making an observation 觀察 → ② Asking a question 提出問題 → ③ Proposing a hypothesis 提出假說 → ④ Making a prediction 作出預測 → ⑤ Performing experiments 進行實驗 → ⑥ Drawing a conclusion 得出結論.
- A hypothesis is a reasonable answer to the question that tries to explain what is observed.
- A prediction is what the expected results will be if the hypothesis is correct.
- Experiments are performed to test the hypothesis.
- If the results match the prediction, the hypothesis is supported (支持). If they do not match, the hypothesis is rejected (否定).
- Bat experiment: independent variable 自變量 = presence of the sense of hearing; dependent variable 因變量 = whether the bat hits the wires; controlled variables 控制變量 = e.g. size of bat, sex of bat, darkness of the room.
1.4 Cells 細胞
- The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of cells and the Cell Theory.
- Cell Theory: all organisms are made up of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Sub-cellular structures are also called cellular structures or organelles (細胞器).
- Cell wall 細胞壁: protects, supports and gives shape to the plant cell.
- Cell membrane 細胞膜: encloses the cell and separates the cell contents from the outside; controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It is differentially permeable (差異透性).
- Cytoplasm 細胞質: holds many organelles; the site of many chemical reactions.
- Nucleus 細胞核: contains DNA, which carries genetic information that controls the activities of the cell.
- Mitochondria 線粒體: the main site of respiration, a process which releases energy.
- Chloroplast 葉綠體: contains a green pigment called chlorophyll (葉綠素); carries out photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy in food; also produces oxygen.
- Vacuole 液泡: contains water, food and other dissolved substances; the cell becomes turgid (膨脹) when the vacuole is full of water, giving support to the plant.
- Difference: plant cells (from a green leaf) have a cell wall and chloroplasts; animal cells do not.
- Unicellular organisms = made up of a single cell; multicellular organisms = made up of many cells. Multicellular organisms consist of many different types of cells that work together in a coordinated way.
- Levels: cells → tissue → organ → system → organism. e.g. smooth muscle cell → smooth muscle tissue → stomach → digestive system → human.
Beat the Boss Cell
15 random questions from the whole chapter. Get 3 in a row for a streak bonus.